(W)atch Busters

Have a happy new year. よいお年を。 .　　　　　　　 　 ／／　　　　　　　 　 　 ﾉ´|∠~ヽ 　　　　　 　　／／　 　 　 　 ﾉ´| ﾉ~| 　　 | |　 ﾉノ　　.ﾉ´| 　　　 　 　 ,.' ,.'　　　　　 　 　 | |　| | 　 　|_|人ﾆｺ　 　 | | 　　　　　 / /　　　　　　　　　 |_|　|_|　　　（_,:､_） 　 　 .|_| .　 　 　 / /　　　ﾉ´| /~ヽ　　　　　　　　　　} {　　　　 　 　 　 ∠⌒ヽ 　　 　 .'　'　　　　 | |.|Ο |　　　　　　　　　　| |　　 　 　 　 　 　 丿ノ .　　　 ｉ　ｉ.　　　　 |_| ヽ_ﾉ　　　　　 　 　 　 .|x| 　 　 　 　 　 　 Lニコ ..　　　ｉ　ｉ　 　　　　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 | | 　　　 |　|..　　／二ヽ　　　　　　 　 　 　 　 .} {　　 　 　 _人_　 　 ∠⌒ヽ ── |　|.　　 ヽ二´ |　 ←──────（◎）二王二.巛　＞　 　 く 〈. 　　 　|　|　　 　 .∠/　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 ｀Ｙ´ 　 　 ＜__ノ

The ruler Tokugawa Ieyasu who opened the Edo shogunate loved the clock well. The oldest western clock he was awarded by the Spanish king is in Kunouzan Toshogu Shrine. This was given to him by Felipe III in 1611 as a reward for maritime rescue when the Spanish ship wrecked off the present Chiba off the coast in 1609. His clock collection also has a bear clock. In addition, the Edo Shogunate gave a warm reception to a clockmaker as "Otokeishi", so a genre called Japanese Clock was born. 江戸を開いた天下人・徳川家康は時計をこよなく愛した。彼がスペイン国王から贈られた日本最古の西洋時計が久能山東照宮にある。これは1609年に現在の千葉県沖でスペイン船が難破した際の海難救助の謝礼として、1611年にフェリペ3世が彼に贈ったものである。彼の時計コレクションには熊時計などもある。 また、江戸幕府は時計技術者を御時計師として厚遇したため、和時計と言われるジャンルが生まれた。

It was in 1551 that the Western clock(mechanical clock) was imported to Japan for the first time, and it is said that it was when Francisco de Xavier who visited Yamaguchi donated to Ouchi Yoshitaka. Besides that, he is also said to have brought glasses to Japan in the beginning. 西洋時計(機械時計)がはじめて日本に輸入されたのは、1551年であり、山口を訪れたフランシスコ・ザビエルが大内義隆に献上した時であるとされている。そのほかにも彼は、はじめめて日本にメガネを持ち込んだとも言われている。

Clock technology has made dramatic progress from the 19th century to the 20th century. The invention of a compound metal called Inver and Elinvar. Riefler standard clock. Free pendulum standard clock. Incabloc. Magnetic escapement. And Quartz. It boasts an great precision and has become a replacement. After that, the National Bureau of Standards of the United States made atomic clocks in 1946. It has absolute accuracy, it became the reference clock. Electricity was taken into the clock by Bain in 1840. This became a revolution in clock technology, and this clock has become popular and began to violate the area of mechanical clocks. 19世紀から20世紀にかけて、時計技術は飛躍的な進歩を遂げた。インバーやエリンバーの発明。リーフラ標準時計。自由振子式標準時計。インカブロック。磁気脱進機。そして水晶時計。これは精度の卓絶さを誇り、取って代わる存在となった。その後、1946年にアメリカ国立標準局が原子時計を作り、これは絶対精度を持ち、基準時計となった。 また、1840年にべインにより時計に電気が取り入れられた。これは革命となり、流行し、機械式時計の領域を侵し始めた。

Abraham-Louis Breguet(January 1747- September 1800) A Swiss watchmaker. He was founded Breguet in 1775. He created various innovative technologies such as the Perpetual Calendar, Minute Repeater, Tourbillon. It is said that his accomplishment is to advanced the history of the clock 200 years. Breguet, familiar with not only advanced clock technology but also the latest science, showed its rich talent and received the love of many European royal aristocrats including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Perpetual Calendar, Minute Repeater, Tourbillon, shockproof device called "Parachute", a hairspring called "Breguet hechge", Breguet Numerals, Aiguilles Breguet, Guilloche etc. His achievements are still used for watch mechanism and design. He is one of the great watchmakers indispensable in the history of watch. アブラアン-ルイ・ブレゲ(1747年1月～1800年9月) スイスの時計師。1775年から続く時計メーカー・ブレゲの創業者。パーペチュアルカレンダー、ミニッツリピーター、トゥールビヨンなど、様々な革新的技術を生み出した。彼は時計の歴史を200年早めたと言われている。 高度な時計技術だけではなく最新...

John Harrison(March 1693-March 1776) A carpenter, a clockmaker. He studied physics and mechanical engineering by himself. He made a mechanical watch(chronometer) for the first time and invented the grasshopper escapement, a new form of deadbeat escapement for clocks. Despite being a carpenter, he also made clocks using his skill. Time was the Age of Discovery. From the middle of the 15th century in Europe, ship collision and distress accidents occurred frequently in the sea. Latitude could be learned by measuring the height of the sun or the North Star poles, but there was no means to measure longitude, they could not know the location of their ship. So he aimed to make an accurate navigation clock and earn prize money. In order to solve the longitude problem, we developed a mechanical clock (chronometer). It was no doubt that the invention of his chronometer has played a great role in the British Empire in the 19th century, which was called the ruler of seven seas, the factory of...

Merry Christmas! メリークリスマス！

From the mid-19th century, mass production of the watch began by the production method by large capital in the United States. The watch production of U.S. exceeded Switzerland due to mass production by automation in 1873. On the other hand, Switzerland imported automatic machinery from U.S. in 1876, completed the watch industry revolution and got top of the world again. At the same time British watch industry began to decline. In addition, the watch industry in Germany which was stimulated by this flourishes, and boasts the largest number of clock production of the world. We often can see cuckoo clocks made in Germany even now. In comparison, the Soviets took a delay, but the development of the watch industry of the Soviet Union has progressed rapidly by the hands of the watchmaker who brought from Germany after the Second World War. Then it was the leading number of production in the watch. アメリカでは19世紀の中ごろから、大資本による生産方式によって時計の量産を始めた。オートメーションでの大量生産により、1873年にはスイスの時計生産数を超えた。対するスイスも187...

Christian Huygens(April 1629-July 1695) Mathematician, physicist, astronomer in the Netherlands. He actually made the pendulum clock for the first time. He also devised a balance spring, a temp. This contributed greatly to miniaturization and high accuracy of the portable clock. 16th June, 1657 is the era of precision clocks. Christian Huygens attached the pendulum clock to the Netherlands parliament. In this way, the pendulum became used as a governor instead of the foliot, the accuracy was improved, and furthermore, the minute hand was assembled to the clock. Then he devised a balance spring and temp in 1675. This clock is said to be "the first practical mechanical clock in the world." Besides that, he is also famous for elucidating as being circular the "Saturn's Arm" and "Saturn's Ear" discovered by Galileo Galilei and advocating Huygens' principle. クリスチャン・ホイヘンス(1629年4月～1695年7月) オランダの数学者、物理学者、天文学者。振子時計を初めて実際に製作した。また、ヒゲゼンマイ・テンプを考案...

Peter Henlein(also spelled Henle or Hele)(1485-August 1542) A locksmith and clockmaker of Nuremberg, Germany. He was one of the first craftsmen to make small ornamental clocks, portable clocks which were often worn as pendants or attached to clothing, regarded as the first watches. Peter Henlein is often considered the inventor of the watch. Many sources also erroneously credit him as the inventor of the mainspring. And no contemporary source from his time credits him with inventing anything. Although he was a notable and talented clockmaker, there are two small clocks manufactured using the mainspring before he makes. He was very nearly the first of those who invented how to put small clocks into little boxes. The portable clock using the mainspring which was completed in 1511 was called "Egg of Nuremberg(German:Nurnbergisch Ei)". ピーター・ヘンライン(1485年～1542年8月) ドイツ・ニュルンベルクの鍵屋、時計師。彼は小さな装飾時計を作る最初の職人の一人で、それはしばしばペンダントや衣服に着用されて最初の時計と見なされる携帯時計だった。 ピーター・ヘンラインは腕時計の発明者と考えられて...

"And yet, it moves." Galileo Galilei(1564-1642) Italian physicist, astronomer, philosopher. According to his achievement he is called the father of astronomy. He advocates Copernican theory and was accused of being heresy. He was sentenced to life imprisonment at a religious trial and lived in a state of arrest. Galileo Galilei, famous for the above statements, devised a pendulum clock in his later years. (Actually, he did not make it.) This is due to discovering the isochronism of the pendulum that "the time required for one round trip is constant even if I shake a large or small swing". He also found the law of falling body. In order to prove this law it is said that they both dropped two types of large and small balls at the same time from the top of Leaning Tower of Pisa and showed that they both landed at the same time. Many researchers say that this famous episode is the creation of Galileo 's disciple  Vincenzo Viviani , which is not actually done. ...

Mechanical clocks that appeared in European countries from the beginning of the 14th century, especially developed in France. Then the industrial revolution in Britain from the 1760s to the 1830s made Britain the throne in clockmaking in the 18th century. On the other hand, due to religious reformation in France in the mid 16th century, religious persecution became intense, clockmakers fled to Switzerland. They formed the foundation of the Swiss clock industry around the end of the 16th century and led the world watch industry in the 19th century. The clock industry at the time of Switzerland was a form of domestic industry that organized clock craftsmen. (It is called établisseur.) 14世紀の初めごろからヨーロッパ各国に出現した機械時計は、とくにフランスで発展した。その後、1760年代から1830年代にかけてイギリスで起こった産業革命を契機に、イギリスで時計製造が発達し、18世紀には王座を占めた。 一方、16世紀中ごろ、フランスは宗教改革により、宗教的迫害が激しくなり、時計技術者はスイスへ逃避した。彼らは16世紀末ごろにはスイスの時計工業の基礎を作り19世紀には世界(の時計工業)をリードするに至った。当時のスイスの時計工業は、時計手工業者を組織した家内工業の形式だった。(それはエタブリスールと呼ばれている。)

The oldest existing mechanical clock was made in 1370 by German mechanicist Henri de Vic. It was attached to the roof of the court in Paris. The turret clock lacks accuracy as well, a huge weight descended in a few hours. Therefore it is said that he lived together to lift the watch and devoted his whole life. 現存する最古の機械時計は1370年にドイツの機械師アンリ・ド・ビックにより作られた。パリの裁判所の屋上に取り付けられたものである。その塔時計も例にもれず、精度はかなり低く、巨大なおもりは数時間で降下してしまった。そのため彼はその時計を巻き上げるために、ともに暮らし、一生を捧げたと言われている。

It is said that the first mechanical clock in the world was made in the beginning of the 14th century. Along with the development of civilization, the machine advanced, mechanical clocks with weights and escapement machines appeared throughout Europe. Unlike sun dials, water clocks, combustion clocks and hourglasses that utilize the power of nature, mechanical clocks measure the time using a machine. The first mechanical clock was a turret clock installed in the tower, in addition to displaying the time, the bell was ringed to inform the time. In the 15th century turret clocks spread all over Europe. The mechanism of this clock is very simple, but it is a very large machine. This timepiece featuring a crown-type escape machine and a foliot was very bad in pace and had an error of about one hour a day. 世界で最初の機械時計は14世紀初頭に作られたと言われている。文明の発達とともに、機械が進歩し、おもりと脱進機を持った機械時計がヨーロッパ各地に現れた。自然の力を利用した日時計、水時計、燃焼時計、砂時計とは違い、機械を用いて時を計る。最初の機械時計は塔に設置された塔時計で、時刻を表示するほか、鐘を鳴らして時刻を知らせた。15世紀にはヨーロッパ中に塔時計が普及した。この...

From the start of the timepiece, such as a sundial, a water clock, an hourglass, a combustion clock, until the beginning of the 14th century, we used the power of nature for it. 日時計・水時計・砂時計・燃焼時計など、時計の始まりから14世紀の初頭までは、自然の力を利用していた。

9th century. Combustion clock. This timepiece measures the time by utilizing a burning speed stable. This spread throughout the world because it used tools closely tied to our lives. As this, there are a candle clock, a lamp clock, an incense clock, and the like. 9世紀。燃焼時計。この時計は、燃える速さが安定したものを利用して時を計るものである。生活に密着した道具を利用したために、広まりを見せた。ローソク時計、ランプ時計、線香時計などがある。

The weak point of the water clock is that the water freezes. Therefore, an hourglass that used sand instead of water appeared around the 4th century. This measures elapsed time with falling sand. An hourglass is used as a timer for a short time now that watches become popular. Due to the lack of precision, time may not be accurately measured. However, there are times when it is useful for noodles. 水時計の弱点は、水が凍るということである。そこで、水の代わりに砂を使った砂時計が4世紀ごろに現れた。これは砂の落下で経過時間を計測する。時計が普及したいまでは、砂時計は短時間のタイマーとして用いられている。精度がいまいちのため、正確に時間を計れないことがある。しかしながら、カップラーメンの時間を計るなど重宝することがある。

In Japan, it is said that in 660, Prince Naka no Oe (later Emperor Tenji) first made a water clock. And it was noted in the "Nihon Shoki (the oldest chronicles of Japan)" that on April 25, 671 after he acceded to throne, he set up a new water clock at the new Observatory, and the water clock informed of time with a bell and a drum. (It is said that Asuka Mizuochi ruins discovered in 1981 are its remains.) In addition, since April 25, Tenji 10th corresponds to June 10 of the current calendar (solar calendar and Gregorian calendar), it is said to be "Time Day". On Time Day, the Water Clock Festival is held at Omi Shrine that worship Emperor Tenji every year. 日本では、660年に中大兄皇子が最初に水時計を作ったと言われている。また、彼が天皇に即位したのちの671年4月25日に、新たな漏刻を新天文台に設置し、鐘や鼓で時を報じたと、『日本書紀』に記されている。(1981年に発見された飛鳥水落遺跡がその遺構と言われている。)なお、天智10年4月25日は現行暦(太陽暦およびグレゴリオ暦)の6月10日にあたるため、6月10日は「時の記念日」とされている。天智天皇を祀る近江神宮では毎年、時の記念日に漏刻祭が行われている。

After the sundial clock, a water clock was invented that can know the time when it is night or cloudy. The simplest making clockwork was like a flowerpot. The flowerpot has small holes at the bottom, and the water inside flows regularly. We can measure the time by the transition of the water surface caused by the outflow of water inside. It seems that this existed around 2000 BC. Then there is also a water clock with a device that sounds automatically. 日時計のあとに、夜や曇天のときに時刻を知ることができる水時計が考案された。もっとも簡単な作りのものは植木鉢のようなものだった。底に小さな穴があり、中の水が規則正しく流れ出る。そのときの水面の推移で時刻を計測する。これは紀元前2000年ぐらいには存在していたらしい。その後には音が自動で鳴る装置の付いた水時計も作られている。

The sundial has been improved, a sundial with a dial appeared around 500 BC. This is made in such a way that the projection rod (Gnomon) is attached parallel to the axis of the earth, and the time can be known by the direction of the shadow made by that. As a result, the precision of the sundial has improved and it has spread to public buildings, churches, palaces, etc. Also, a portable sundial was made, and luxurious decorative items also appeared. Today, due to progress in astronomy, time can be known more accurately. It is still possible to see a sundial set up as an object in various parks. 日時計は改良され、紀元前500年ごろに文字盤付きの日時計が登場した。これは投影棒(グノモン)が地球の軸と平行に取り付けられ、それによってできる影の方向によって時刻がわかるように作られている。これにより、日時計の精度が向上し、公共建物・教会・宮殿などに普及していった。また、携帯用日時計も作られ、豪奢な装飾のものも出現した。現在では、天文学の進歩により、さらに高精度に時刻を知ることができるようになっている。いまもなお、各地の公園などでオブジェ的に設置された日時計を見ることができる。

Our ancestors lived by hunting and gathering, living in close contact with nature. Among them, they realized that we can measure a day by the shadows of things illuminated by the sun. The first watch of mankind was a sundial. They discover the regularity of the sun and wear the feeling of days, months, years, seasons. It seems that the pyramids existing in Egypt and the pillar monuments were used as sundials. わたしたちの祖先は、狩猟採集をして暮らし、大自然と密接に関わりながら生活をしていた。そのなかで、太陽に照らされた物の影によって1日を計ることができることに気付いた。人類最初の時計は日時計だった。彼らは、太陽の規則性を発見し、日・月・年、季節という感覚を身に着けていく。エジプトに現存するピラミッドも、方柱碑も、日時計として用いられたと思われる。

First we start with the history of the watch. まずは時計の歴史からまとめはじめよう。

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I would like to summarize the watch. 時計についてまとめていこうと思う。